Concessive particle, "ornament gather particle", རྒྱན་སྡུད་ཀྱི་སྒྲ་, ཚིག་རྒྱན་: Difference between revisions
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{{Grammar articles}} | {{Grammar articles}} | ||
''by Stefan J. | ''by Stefan J. G.'' | ||
* Chapter overview: [[Tibetan Grammar - Syntactic particles]] | |||
===Concessive particle, "ornament gather particle", རྒྱན་སྡུད་ཀྱི་སྒྲ་, ཚིག་རྒྱན་=== | ===Concessive particle, "ornament gather particle", རྒྱན་སྡུད་ཀྱི་སྒྲ་, ཚིག་རྒྱན་=== | ||
====Spelling==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#f0f8f8; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid #ccc;" cellspacing="5" border="0" | |||
|+ | |||
|- | |||
|width="40%" valign="top"|'''last letter of the word''' | |||
|width="10%" valign="top"|'''particle''' | |||
|width="50%" valign="top"|'''example: word with particle''' | |||
|- | |||
|ག་, ད་, བ་, ས་, དྲག་<ref>[[Introduction to the Tibetan Particles, 2.1.1 Da drag ད་དྲག་]]</ref> | |||
|ཀྱང༌ | |||
|རྟག་ཀྱང༌། འཐད་ཀྱང༌། ཐོབ་ཀྱང༌། ཤེས་ཀྱང༌། ཕྱིནད་ཀྱང༌། | |||
|- | |||
|ང་, ན་, མ་, འ་, ར་, ལ་ | |||
|ཡང༌ | |||
|ཁང་ཡང༌། སྔོན་ཡང༌། ལམ་ཡང༌། མཐའ་ཡང༌། འགྱུར་ཡང༌། འཕེལ་ཡང༌། | |||
|- | |||
|"no postfix letter" མཐའ་མེད་ | |||
|འང་ or ཡང༌ | |||
|དེའང༌། or དེ་ཡང༌། | |||
|} | |||
====Limiting==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px" | |||
|+ | |||
|- | |||
|{{gsample|གཅིག་ཀྱང་མེད།|one not exist|not even one}} | |||
|{{gsample|ཕན་པ་ཅུང་ཟད་ཀྱང་མེད།|benefit little not exist|[There] is not even a little benefit.}} | |||
|}<br> | |||
{{gfverb|འོངས་པ།|འོང་བ།|འོང་བ།||to come|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|གཉེན་མཆོག་ཀྱང་མ་འོངས་སོ།།|friend best not came|Not even the best friend(s) came.}} | |||
====Adding or emphasising==== | |||
* Tibetan grammatical term: {{gtib|སྡུད་པའི་དོན་}}<br> | |||
{{gfverb|འདོད་པ།|འདོད་པ།|འདོད་པ།||to want|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|སེམས་ཅན་གཞན་ཀྱང་བདེ་བ་འདོད།|sentient beings other happiness want|also other sentient beings desire happiness}}<br> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px" | |||
|+ | |||
|- | |||
|{{gverb|བྱས་པ།|བྱེད་པ།|བྱ་བ།|བྱོས།|to make|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}} | |||
|{{gverb|ཐོབ་པ།|འཐོབ་པ།|འཐོབ་པ།||to attain|''v.t.''(!)|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་(!)}} | |||
|}<br> | |||
{{gsample|དེ་དག་གིས་ཀྱང་དལ་འབྱོར་ཐོབ་པའི་གེགས་བྱེད་ཅིང།་་་|those freedom riches attain obstruction make|Also those create obstruction for the attainment of the freedom and riches}}<br> | |||
{{gfverb|བསད་པ།|གསོད་པ།|གསད་པ།|སོད།|to kill|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|དགྲ་བོའི་བུ་རྣམས་ཀྱང་བསད་དོ།།|enemy son plural killed|Also / even the enemie's sons were killed.}}<br> | |||
{{gsample|བུད་མེད་དང་བུ་རྣམས་ཀྱང་དགྲ་བོ་རྣམས་ཀྱིས་བསད་དོ།།|women son plural enemy plural killed|Even woman and children were killed by the enemies.}}<br> | |||
{{gsample|མཆོག་ལས་ཀྱང་མཆོག་ཏུ་གྱུར་པའི་འབྲས་བུ་|supreme supreme result|the result [which] is more supreme than even the supreme}}<br> | |||
{{gsample|རྨ་བྱ་ལས་ཀྱང་མཛེས།|peacock beautiful|even more beautiful than [a] peacock}} | |||
====Intensifying==== | |||
* Tibetan grammatical term: {{gtib|མཐུན་པའི་ཚིག་རྒྱན་}} | |||
{{gsample|ཁྱད་པར་དུ་ཡང་སྙིང་རྗེ་སྐྱེ།|particularly compassion arise|compassion arises especially for...}}<br> | |||
{{gsample|དོན་ཆེན་པོ་ཐམས་ཅད་མཁྱེན་པ་སྒྲུབ་ཀྱང་སྒྲུབ་ནུས་པའི་དུས་འདིར།|meaning great all know accomplish accomplish ability time this|[now] at this time [having gained this precious human birth] when [you] have the ability to certainly accomplish the great objective, the [state of] omniscience ... }}<br> | |||
The usage with duplicated (root of the) verb or adjective does not seem to occur very often, (but is mentioned in many Tibetan grammar texts). See also: H. Stoddard and N. Tournadre.<ref>'''Heather Stoddard and Nicolas Tournadre:''' ''Le Clair Miroir—Enseignement de la Grammaire Tibetaine''. p.56</ref> Examples given in there are: {{gtib|ཉི་མ་གསལ་ཡང་གསལ།}} "the sun is very bright" and {{gtib|རྒྱལ་ཁ་ཐོབ་ཀྱང་ཐོབ།}} "[I] will certainly win". | |||
====Topic, reverential, pleonastic or meter-filler==== | |||
{{gfverb|སྐྱེས་པ།|སྐྱེ་བ།|སྐྱེ་བ།||to arise|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|ཁྱད་པར་དུ་ཡང་སྙིང་རྗེ་སྐྱེ།|particularly compassion arise|compassion arises especially for...}}<br> | |||
{{gsample|དེ་ཡང་ / དེའང་|that|with regard to that, in this regard; furthermore, moreover}} | |||
====Distributive==== | |||
{{gsample|སྣང་ཡང་སེམས།་་་ སྟོང་ཡང་སེམས་ཡིན།|appearance mind empty mind is|Appearance is mind, and emptiness is mind as well.}}<br> | |||
{{gfverb|ཐོབ་པ།|འཐོབ་པ།|འཐོབ་པ།||to get, to obtain|''v.t.''(!)|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་(!)}} | |||
{{gsample|མག་པས་བག་མ་མཛེས་པ་ཡང་ཐོབ། རིན་ཆེན་མང་པོ་ཡང་ཐོབ།|bridegroom bride beautiful got jewel many got|The bridegroom [not only] got a beautiful bride, [but] also many jewels.}}<br> | |||
{{gsample|བགོ་བ་ཡང་མེད། བཟའ་བ་ཡང་མེད་དོ།།|clothes not have food not have|Having neither clothes nor food.}}<br> | |||
{{gsample|འོད་སྲུངས་སེམས་ནི་ནང་ན་ཡང་མེད། ཕྱི་རོལ་ན་ཡང་མེད། གཉིས་ཀའི་པར་ལ་ཡང་མི་དམིགས་སོ།|Kashyapa mind in not exist outside not exist both between not observe|Kashyapa, mind doesn’t exist inside, also doesn’t exist outside, and is not observed in between the two as well.}} | |||
====After the verb==== | |||
=====After the root of the verb: contradiction, limiting===== | |||
* Tibetan grammatical term: {{gtib|ཕྱི་ཚིག་འགལ་བ་}} | |||
{{gfverb|བཟུང་བ།|འཛིན་པ།|གཟུང་བ།|ཟུང།|to grasp|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|མི་རྟག་མངོན་དུ་གྱུར་ཀྱང་རྟག་པར་འཛིན།|impermanence evident permanent grasp|Even though impermanence [is] evident, [one is] grasping [at phenomena] as permanent.}}<br> | |||
Even | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px" | |||
|+ | |||
|- | |||
|{{gverb|བཙལ་བ།|འཚོལ་བ།|བཙལ་བ།|ཚོལ།|to search|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}} | |||
|{{gverb|བརྙེས་པ།|བརྙེས་པ།|བརྙེས་པ།||to find|''v.t.''(!)|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་(!)}} | |||
|}<br> | |||
{{gsample|བཙལ་ཀྱང་དངུལ་མ་བརྙེས།|searched money not found|Although searched for, the money was not found.}}<br> | |||
{{gsample|བློ་ལྡན་དེ་ནི་མཁས་ཀྱང་ང་རྒྱལ་མེད།|intelligent one that learned pride not have|Even though this intelligent one is learned [he] has no pride.}} | |||
=====After the verb as second particle: "even"===== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px" | |||
|+ | |||
|- | |||
|{{gverb|སད་པ།|སད་པ།|སད་པ།||to sleep|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | |||
|{{gverb|བརྗེད་པ།|བརྗེད་པ།|བརྗེད་པ།||to forget|''v.t.''(!)|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་(!)}} | |||
|}<br> | |||
{{gsample|མནལ་སད་ནས་ཀྱང་གསུང་རྣམས་མ་བརྗེད།|sleep ''(h.)'' wake up talk plural forgot|Even after waking up, [he] didn’t forget the instructions.}}<br> | |||
{{gsample|རྒྱུ་མཐུན་པའི་འབྲས་བུ་ནི་གལ་ཏེ་མིར་སྐྱེས་ན་ཡང་ཚེ་ཐུང་ཞིང་ནད་མང་བར་འགྱུར་རོ།།|cause in accord result if human born life short illness many become|[Regarding] the result resembling the cause, even if one is born as [a] human, the lifespan will be short and the illnesses many.}}<br> | |||
Even though (there are) generally many,... | {{gsample|སྤྱིར་མང་ན་ཡང་་་|generally many|Even though (there are) generally many,...}} | ||
=====After the verb with a pronoun before verb===== | |||
The uniques of this structure is, that it is rather translated as if the {{gtib|ཀྱང་}} would come with the pronoun before the verb than with the verb itself. E.g., rather {{gtib|ལས་ཅི་ལ་ཐུག་ཀྱང་}} "whatever karma [I] met" than "even [when] meeting with what[ever] karma". | |||
:'''Note:''' J.Rockwell, Jr.<ref>'''J.Rockwell, Jr.:''' ''A Primer for Classical Literary Tibetan''</ref> views this as a form of [[#Distributive|distributive]]. | |||
{{gfverb|ཐུག་པ།|ཐུག་པ།|ཐུག་པ།||to meet|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|ལས་ཅི་ལ་ཐུག་ཀྱང་|karma what meet|whatever karma [I] met}}<br> | |||
{{gfverb|བསྟན་པ།|སྟོན་པ།|བསྟན་པ།|སྟོན།|to teach|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|སུ་ལ་བསྟན་ཀྱང་|who teach|to whomever [he] teaches}} | |||
====Indefinite pronouns==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px" | |||
who | |+ | ||
|- | |||
|{{gsample|སུ་ཡང་|who ''(animate)''|anybody, whoever}} | |||
|{{gsample|ཅི་ཡང་|what, which ''(inanimate)''|anything, whatever,}} | |||
|}<br> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px" | |||
|+ | |||
|- | |||
|{{gsample|གང་ཡང་|who, what, which ''(animate + inanimate)''|whoever, whatever}} | |||
|{{gsample|ནམ་ཡང་||}} | |||
|} | |||
====qualifier of time==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px" | |||
|+ | |||
|- | |||
|{{gsample|ནམ་ཡང་|when|always, ever (or "never" with negated verb)}} | |||
|{{gsample|དུས་གང་དུ་ཡང་|time what|always, "at whatever time"}} | |||
|}<br> | |||
{{gfverb|བྲལ་བ།|འབྲལ་བ།|འབྲལ་བ།||to separate|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|ནམ་ཡང་བྲལ་མ་གྱུར་ན་་་|ever separate not became ''(auxiliary)''|If [one would] never become separated...}} | |||
====Note: ཡང་==== | |||
{{gtib|ཡང་}} is also particle by itself that does not belong to the concessive particle. See [[Particle ཡང་]] for its usage. | |||
=Endnotes= | =Endnotes= | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
[[Category:Tibetan Grammar]][[Category:Syntactic Particles]] | [[Category:Tibetan Grammar]][[Category:Syntactic Particles]] | ||
Latest revision as of 13:07, 28 February 2021
WORK IN PROGRESS: the grammar articles are being edited for wiki publication. During editing, the content might be incomplete, out of sequence or even misleading.
| Articles on Tibetan Grammar |
| 1. Introduction |
| 2. Formation of the Tibetan Syllable |
| 3. Formation of the Tibetan Word |
| 4. First case: ming tsam |
| 5. agentive particle |
| 6. Connective Particle |
| 7. La don particles |
| 8. La don particles—Notes |
| 9. Originative case |
| 10. Verbs |
| 11. Verbs—Notes |
| 12. Syntactic particles |
by Stefan J. G.
- Chapter overview: Tibetan Grammar - Syntactic particles
Concessive particle, "ornament gather particle", རྒྱན་སྡུད་ཀྱི་སྒྲ་, ཚིག་རྒྱན་
Spelling
| last letter of the word | particle | example: word with particle |
| ག་, ད་, བ་, ས་, དྲག་[1] | ཀྱང༌ | རྟག་ཀྱང༌། འཐད་ཀྱང༌། ཐོབ་ཀྱང༌། ཤེས་ཀྱང༌། ཕྱིནད་ཀྱང༌། |
| ང་, ན་, མ་, འ་, ར་, ལ་ | ཡང༌ | ཁང་ཡང༌། སྔོན་ཡང༌། ལམ་ཡང༌། མཐའ་ཡང༌། འགྱུར་ཡང༌། འཕེལ་ཡང༌། |
| "no postfix letter" མཐའ་མེད་ | འང་ or ཡང༌ | དེའང༌། or དེ་ཡང༌། |
Limiting
|
|
| ||||||||||||
| གཉེན་མཆོག་ཀྱང་མ་འོངས་སོ།། |
| friend best not came |
| Not even the best friend(s) came. |
Adding or emphasising
- Tibetan grammatical term: སྡུད་པའི་དོན་
| ||||||||||||
| སེམས་ཅན་གཞན་ཀྱང་བདེ་བ་འདོད། |
| sentient beings other happiness want |
| also other sentient beings desire happiness |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| དེ་དག་གིས་ཀྱང་དལ་འབྱོར་ཐོབ་པའི་གེགས་བྱེད་ཅིང།་་་ |
| those freedom riches attain obstruction make |
| Also those create obstruction for the attainment of the freedom and riches |
| ||||||||||||
| དགྲ་བོའི་བུ་རྣམས་ཀྱང་བསད་དོ།། |
| enemy son plural killed |
| Also / even the enemie's sons were killed. |
| བུད་མེད་དང་བུ་རྣམས་ཀྱང་དགྲ་བོ་རྣམས་ཀྱིས་བསད་དོ།། |
| women son plural enemy plural killed |
| Even woman and children were killed by the enemies. |
| མཆོག་ལས་ཀྱང་མཆོག་ཏུ་གྱུར་པའི་འབྲས་བུ་ |
| supreme supreme result |
| the result [which] is more supreme than even the supreme |
| རྨ་བྱ་ལས་ཀྱང་མཛེས། |
| peacock beautiful |
| even more beautiful than [a] peacock |
Intensifying
- Tibetan grammatical term: མཐུན་པའི་ཚིག་རྒྱན་
| ཁྱད་པར་དུ་ཡང་སྙིང་རྗེ་སྐྱེ། |
| particularly compassion arise |
| compassion arises especially for... |
| དོན་ཆེན་པོ་ཐམས་ཅད་མཁྱེན་པ་སྒྲུབ་ཀྱང་སྒྲུབ་ནུས་པའི་དུས་འདིར། |
| meaning great all know accomplish accomplish ability time this |
| [now] at this time [having gained this precious human birth] when [you] have the ability to certainly accomplish the great objective, the [state of] omniscience ... |
The usage with duplicated (root of the) verb or adjective does not seem to occur very often, (but is mentioned in many Tibetan grammar texts). See also: H. Stoddard and N. Tournadre.[2] Examples given in there are: ཉི་མ་གསལ་ཡང་གསལ། "the sun is very bright" and རྒྱལ་ཁ་ཐོབ་ཀྱང་ཐོབ། "[I] will certainly win".
Topic, reverential, pleonastic or meter-filler
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| ཁྱད་པར་དུ་ཡང་སྙིང་རྗེ་སྐྱེ། |
| particularly compassion arise |
| compassion arises especially for... |
| དེ་ཡང་ / དེའང་ |
| that |
| with regard to that, in this regard; furthermore, moreover |
Distributive
| སྣང་ཡང་སེམས།་་་ སྟོང་ཡང་སེམས་ཡིན། |
| appearance mind empty mind is |
| Appearance is mind, and emptiness is mind as well. |
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| མག་པས་བག་མ་མཛེས་པ་ཡང་ཐོབ། རིན་ཆེན་མང་པོ་ཡང་ཐོབ། |
| bridegroom bride beautiful got jewel many got |
| The bridegroom [not only] got a beautiful bride, [but] also many jewels. |
| བགོ་བ་ཡང་མེད། བཟའ་བ་ཡང་མེད་དོ།། |
| clothes not have food not have |
| Having neither clothes nor food. |
| འོད་སྲུངས་སེམས་ནི་ནང་ན་ཡང་མེད། ཕྱི་རོལ་ན་ཡང་མེད། གཉིས་ཀའི་པར་ལ་ཡང་མི་དམིགས་སོ། |
| Kashyapa mind in not exist outside not exist both between not observe |
| Kashyapa, mind doesn’t exist inside, also doesn’t exist outside, and is not observed in between the two as well. |
After the verb
After the root of the verb: contradiction, limiting
- Tibetan grammatical term: ཕྱི་ཚིག་འགལ་བ་
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| མི་རྟག་མངོན་དུ་གྱུར་ཀྱང་རྟག་པར་འཛིན། |
| impermanence evident permanent grasp |
| Even though impermanence [is] evident, [one is] grasping [at phenomena] as permanent. |
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| བཙལ་ཀྱང་དངུལ་མ་བརྙེས། |
| searched money not found |
| Although searched for, the money was not found. |
| བློ་ལྡན་དེ་ནི་མཁས་ཀྱང་ང་རྒྱལ་མེད། |
| intelligent one that learned pride not have |
| Even though this intelligent one is learned [he] has no pride. |
After the verb as second particle: "even"
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| མནལ་སད་ནས་ཀྱང་གསུང་རྣམས་མ་བརྗེད། |
| sleep (h.) wake up talk plural forgot |
| Even after waking up, [he] didn’t forget the instructions. |
| རྒྱུ་མཐུན་པའི་འབྲས་བུ་ནི་གལ་ཏེ་མིར་སྐྱེས་ན་ཡང་ཚེ་ཐུང་ཞིང་ནད་མང་བར་འགྱུར་རོ།། |
| cause in accord result if human born life short illness many become |
| [Regarding] the result resembling the cause, even if one is born as [a] human, the lifespan will be short and the illnesses many. |
| སྤྱིར་མང་ན་ཡང་་་ |
| generally many |
| Even though (there are) generally many,... |
After the verb with a pronoun before verb
The uniques of this structure is, that it is rather translated as if the ཀྱང་ would come with the pronoun before the verb than with the verb itself. E.g., rather ལས་ཅི་ལ་ཐུག་ཀྱང་ "whatever karma [I] met" than "even [when] meeting with what[ever] karma".
- Note: J.Rockwell, Jr.[3] views this as a form of distributive.
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| ལས་ཅི་ལ་ཐུག་ཀྱང་ |
| karma what meet |
| whatever karma [I] met |
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| སུ་ལ་བསྟན་ཀྱང་ |
| who teach |
| to whomever [he] teaches |
Indefinite pronouns
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qualifier of time
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| ནམ་ཡང་བྲལ་མ་གྱུར་ན་་་ |
| ever separate not became (auxiliary)' |
| If [one would] never become separated... |
Note: ཡང་
ཡང་ is also particle by itself that does not belong to the concessive particle. See Particle ཡང་ for its usage.
Endnotes
- ↑ Introduction to the Tibetan Particles, 2.1.1 Da drag ད་དྲག་
- ↑ Heather Stoddard and Nicolas Tournadre: Le Clair Miroir—Enseignement de la Grammaire Tibetaine. p.56
- ↑ J.Rockwell, Jr.: A Primer for Classical Literary Tibetan