Tibetan Grammar - First case 'ming tsam' - just the name: Difference between revisions
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===Transitive verbs=== | ===Transitive verbs=== | ||
{{grule|'''Agent''' (subject): ''agentive particle'', '''patient''' (object): ''ming tsam''}}<br> | |||
{{gfverb|བསྟན་པ།|སྟོན་པ།|བསྟན་པ།|སྟོན།|to teach|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}} | |||
བསྟན་པ། | {{gsample|སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱིས་ཆོས་བསྟན།|Buddha Dharma taught|The Buddha taught the Dharma.}} | ||
Buddha | |||
===Ditransitive verbs=== | |||
{{grule|'''Agent''' (subject): ''agentive particle'', '''patient''' (object): ''ming tsam'', '''recipient''' (indirect object)<ref> </ref>: ''la don''}}<br> | |||
{{gfverb|སྟེར་བ།|སྟེར་བ།|སྟེར་བ།|སྟེར།|to give|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|སྨན་པས་ནད་པ་ལ་སྨན་སྟེར།|doctor the ill medicine give|The doctor gives medicine to the ill.}} | |||
===Verbs with noticeable grammar: verbs of necessity; verbs of absence and "presence"=== | |||
====Verbs of necessity==== | |||
{{grule|'''Qualifier'''—that which needs: ''la don'', '''patient'''—that what is needed: ''ming tsam''}}<br> | |||
{{gfverb|དགོས་པ།|དགོས་པ།|དགོས་པ།||to need|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | |||
{{gsample|མྱུ་གུ་ལ་ཆུ་དགོས།|sprouts water need|Sprouts need water.}}<br> | |||
In Tibetan, the '''patient''' (subject) of the verb {{gtib|དགོས་པ་}}, to need, is that what is needed, it ''performs'' the action ''to be needed'', (the "water" in the example). What or whom ''needs'' is the qualifier (the "sprouts"). This is different in English where the '''patient''' (subject) of the verb "to need" is the one who ''needs'' something. E.g. In "He needs water", "he" is the patient (subject). | |||
====Verbs of absence and "presence"==== | |||
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that which is absent / "present": agentive that which is absent of something: ming tsam | that which is absent / "present": agentive that which is absent of something: ming tsam | ||
Revision as of 03:39, 30 March 2011
WORK IN PROGRESS: the grammar articles are being edited for wiki publication. During editing, the content might be incomplete, out of sequence or even misleading.
| Articles on Tibetan Grammar |
| 1. Introduction |
| 2. Formation of the Tibetan Syllable |
| 3. Formation of the Tibetan Word |
| 4. First case: ming tsam |
| 5. agentive particle |
| 6. Connective Particle |
| 7. La don particles |
| 8. La don particles—Notes |
| 9. Originative case |
| 10. Verbs |
| 11. Verbs—Notes |
| 12. Syntactic particles |
by Stefan J. E.
First Case, མིང་ཙམ་, just the name
 |
This section contains Tibetan script. Without proper Tibetan rendering support configured, you may see other symbols instead of Tibetan script. |
Also called: nominative case, "no particle", accusative case, patient role particle "-Ø". This case does not add any particle to the word or changes it any way.
Independent of verb type
Topic
Enumeration, section heading, title
| དང་པོ། |
| first |
| firstly |
Proleptic
- Proleptic: anticipatory
| བྲམ་ཟེ་དབུལ་པོ་དེ་ནི་ཁྱིམ་བདག་གིས་དེ་ལ་བཟའ་དང་བགོ་བ་བྱིན། |
| Brahmin poor householder food cloths gave |
| (Regarding) that poor Brahmin, the householder gave food and cloth to that (one). The householder gave food and cloth to that poor Brahmin. |
Temporal nominative
- Temporal nominative can also be viewed as a very frequently omitted locative (la don) of time.
| དེར་བསྡད་དུས་ same as: དེར་བསྡད་དུས་སུ་ |
| there stayed time there stayed time la don |
| at the time of staying there |
| དེའི་ཚེ་ same as: དེའི་ཚེ་ན་ |
| that time that time la don |
| at that (point in) time |
In compound words
- Note: See also "Formation of the Tibetan Words - compounded nouns".
Adjective/verb - adjective/verb
| ||||||||||||
| དགའ་སྤྲོ་ |
| happy joyful |
| happy |
- from: དགའ་བ་ adjective, noun, verb:
joyful, happy; joy; to be happy, glad, pleased, to take joy in
| ||||||||||||
| སྤྲོ་བ་ |
| joyful |
| to be joyful, to enjoy |
| བོད་སྐད་ |
| Tibet language |
| Tibetan language |
Noun - adjective
| A noun-adjective combination becomes either just a noun with an adjective (see: " adjectives") or a new word. |
| གཏིང་ཟབ་ |
| bottom, depth deep |
| very deep; profound |
| རྒྱ་ཆེ་ |
| extent big |
| vast, extensive |
Apposition
| སངས་རྒྱས། ཀུན་མཁྱེན། རྐང་གཉིས་གཙོ་བོ། སྐུ་གསུམ་པ། མཁྱེན་ལྔ་པ། འགྲོ་བའི་བླ་མ། རྒྱལ་བ། བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས། |
| Buddha all knowing foot two main kaya three knowledge five being highest victorious Bhagavan |
| The Buddha, the Omniscient One, Chief of Humans (bipeds), Victorious One, [Possessor of] the Three Kayas, the One with the Five Knowledges, Lord of Beings, Victorious One, Bhagavan[...] |
Nouns in a list - nominalized clauses in a list
| སངས་རྒྱས་ཆོས་ཚོགས་ཁམས་དང་བྱང་ཆུབ་དང༌། ཡོན་ཏེན་སངས་རྒྱས་འཕྲིན་ལས་ཐ་མ་སྟེ། |
| Buddha Dharma assembly element enlightenment qualities enlightened activity final |
| The Buddha, Dharma, Sangha, element, enlightenment, qualities and finally enlightened activity |
| རྒྱུ་ནི་འབྱུང་བ་ཆེན་པོ་བཞི་སྟེ། སའི་ཁམས་ནི་སྲ་ཞིང་གཞི་འཛིན་པའི་ལས་བྱེད་པ། ཆུ་ཁམས་གཤེར་ཞིང་སྡུད་པ། |
| cause elements great four earth element solid and base to hold action do water element liquid and draw together |
| མེ་ཁམས་དྲོ་ཞིང་སྨིན་པ། རླུང་ཁམས་གཡོ་ཞིང་འཕེལ་བར་བྱེད་པའོ།། |
| fire element warmth and mature wind element move and increase do |
| Causal [forms] are the four great elements. The earth element is solid and is performing the function of support. The water element is liquid and cohesion. The fire element is warmth maturing. The wind element is moving and increasing. |
Dependent on verb type
| Most verbs have their patient in ming tsam. |
See: Verb Notes, 1.2.1 patient; Verbs, 2 introduction to classifications of verbs according to their grammar; Verb Notes, 1.2 patient / subject-object / valency: advantages and problems;
Linking verb
| Patient (subject): ming tsam, qualifier: ming tsam, strict first patient—then qualifier word order |
| དམར་པོ་ནི་ཁ་དོག་ཡིན། |
| red colour is |
| Red is [a] colour. |
Verbs of existence
| Patient: ming tsam, qualifier—place of existence: la don |
| མོ་གཤམ་གྱི་བུ་མེད། |
| barren women son not exist |
| The barren women’s son does not exist. |
Verbs of possession I
| Patient—what is owned: ming tsam, qualifier—possessor: la don |
| བདག་ལ་གཡག་ཡོད། |
| I bos grunniens have |
| I have yaks. |
Intransitive verbs
| Patient (subject): ming tsam, qualifier: la don |
| ||||||||||||
| ཉི་མ་ཤར། |
| sun arose |
| The sun arose. |
| ||||||||||||
| ཁོ་ལྷ་སར་ཕྱིན། |
| he Lhasa went |
| He went to Lhasa. |
Transitive verbs
| Agent (subject): agentive particle, patient (object): ming tsam |
| ||||||||||||
| སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱིས་ཆོས་བསྟན། |
| Buddha Dharma taught |
| The Buddha taught the Dharma. |
Ditransitive verbs
| Agent (subject): agentive particle, patient (object): ming tsam, recipient (indirect object)[1]: la don |
| ||||||||||||
| སྨན་པས་ནད་པ་ལ་སྨན་སྟེར། |
| doctor the ill medicine give |
| The doctor gives medicine to the ill. |
Verbs with noticeable grammar: verbs of necessity; verbs of absence and "presence"
Verbs of necessity
| Qualifier—that which needs: la don, patient—that what is needed: ming tsam |
| ||||||||||||
| མྱུ་གུ་ལ་ཆུ་དགོས། |
| sprouts water need |
| Sprouts need water. |
In Tibetan, the patient (subject) of the verb དགོས་པ་, to need, is that what is needed, it performs the action to be needed, (the "water" in the example). What or whom needs is the qualifier (the "sprouts"). This is different in English where the patient (subject) of the verb "to need" is the one who needs something. E.g. In "He needs water", "he" is the patient (subject).
Verbs of absence and "presence"
[...[