Tibetan Grammar - First case 'ming tsam' - just the name: Difference between revisions

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'''WORK IN PROGRESS''': the grammar articles are being edited for wiki publication. During editing, the content might be incomplete, out of sequence or even misleading.
'''WORK IN PROGRESS''': the grammar articles are being edited for wiki publication. During editing, the content might be incomplete, out of sequence or even misleading.
'''In the verb section the approach to explain Tibetan verbs is changed to that of the "three thematic relations: Theme, Location, and Agent" - there will be discrepancies to the other grammar section until they are matched with it'''


{{Grammar articles}}
{{Grammar articles}}
''by Stefan J. E.''
(''by Stefan J. Gueffroy<ref>recently adopted</ref> <small>[fka Eckel]</small>'')


=First Case, མིང་ཙམ་, just the name=
=ming tsam མིང་ཙམ་, Just the Name=
{{Tibetan}}
{{Tibetan}}
Also called: nominative case, "no particle", accusative case, patient role particle "-Ø". This case does not add any particle to the word or changes it any way.
Also called: nominative case, "no particle", accusative case, patient role particle "-Ø", rirst case. This case does not add any particle to the word or changes it any way.




==Independent of verb type==
==Independent of Verb Type==
===Topic===
===Topic===
====Enumeration, section heading, title====
====Enumeration, Section Heading, Title====


<!--
{{gsample|དང་པོ།|first|firstly}}
དང་པོ།


first


firstly
====Proleptic====
:Proleptic: ''anticipatory''


{{gsample|བྲམ་ཟེ་དབུལ་པོ་དེ་ནི་ཁྱིམ་བདག་གིས་དེ་ལ་བཟའ་དང་བགོ་བ་བྱིན།|Brahmin&nbsp;&nbsp;poor&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;householder&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;food&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cloths&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gave|(Regarding) that poor Brahmin, the householder gave food and cloth to that (one).<br>The householder gave food and cloth to that poor Brahmin.}}


1.1.2 proleptic*
* anticipatory


བྲམ་ཟེ་དབུལ་པོ་དེ་ནི་ཁྱིམ་བདག་གིས་དེ་ལ་བཟའ་དང་བགོ་བ་བྱིན།
===Temporal ''ming tsam''===
:''Temporal ming tsam'' can also be viewed as a very frequently omitted locative ''(la don)'' of time.<br>


Brahmin  poor        householder              food        cloths  gave 
{{gsample|དེར་བསྡད་དུས་ <small><small>''same as:''</small></small> དེར་བསྡད་དུས་སུ་|there stayed time&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there stayed time ''la don'' |at the time of staying there}}<br>


(Regarding) that poor Brahmin, the householder gave food and cloth to that (one).
{{gsample|དེའི་ཚེ་ <small><small>''same as:''</small></small> དེའི་ཚེ་ན་|that time&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that time la don|at that (point in) time}}
The householder gave food and cloth to that poor Brahmin.




1.2 temporal nominative*
===In Compound Words===
* this can also be viewed as a very frequently omitted locative (la don) of time
:''Note:'' See also [["Formation of the Tibetan Words - Compounded Nouns".]]


དེར་བསྡད་དུས་ same as དེར་བསྡད་དུས་སུ་
====Adjective/Verb - Adjective/Verb====


there stayed time            there stayed time la don
{{gfverb|དགའ་བ།|དགའ་བ།|དགའ་བ།||to be happy, glad|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
{{gsample|དགའ་སྤྲོ་|happy joyful|happy}}
* from: {{gtib|དགའ་བ་}} adjective, noun, verb:
joyful, happy; joy; to be happy, glad, pleased, to take joy in<br>


at the time of staying there
{{gfverb|སྤྲོ་བ།|སྤྲོ་བ།|སྤྲོ་བ།||to be joyful<br>to enjoy|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
{{gsample|སྤྲོ་བ་|joyful|to be joyful, to enjoy}}
<br>
{{gsample|བོད་སྐད་|Tibet language|Tibetan language}}


དེའི་ཚེ་ same as དེའི་ཚེ་ན་


that time            that time la don
====Noun - Adjective====
{{grule|A noun-adjective combination becomes either just a noun with an adjective (see: [[" adjectives"]]) or a new word.}}<br>


at that (point in) time
{{gsample|གཏིང་ཟབ་|bottom, depth&nbsp;&nbsp;deep|very deep; profound}}<br>


{{gsample|རྒྱ་ཆེ་|extent big|vast, extensive }}




===Apposition===
{{gsample|སངས་རྒྱས། ཀུན་མཁྱེན། རྐང་གཉིས་གཙོ་བོ། སྐུ་གསུམ་པ། མཁྱེན་ལྔ་པ། འགྲོ་བའི་བླ་མ། རྒྱལ་བ། བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས།|Buddha&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all knowing&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;foot two&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;main&nbsp;&nbsp;kaya&nbsp;&nbsp;three&nbsp;knowledge five being highest victorious&nbsp;Bhagavan|The Buddha, the Omniscient One, Chief of Humans (bipeds), Victorious One, [Possessor of] the Three Kayas, the One with the Five Knowledges, Lord of Beings, Victorious One, Bhagavan<nowiki>[</nowiki>...<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}




===Nouns in a List - Nominalized Clauses in a List===
{{gsample|སངས་རྒྱས་ཆོས་ཚོགས་ཁམས་དང་བྱང་ཆུབ་དང༌། ཡོན་ཏེན་སངས་རྒྱས་འཕྲིན་ལས་ཐ་མ་སྟེ།|Buddha Dharma assembly element enlightenment&nbsp;qualities enlightened activity&nbsp;final|The Buddha, Dharma, Sangha, element, enlightenment, qualities and finally enlightened activity}}<br>


{{gsample5l|རྒྱུ་ནི་འབྱུང་བ་ཆེན་པོ་བཞི་སྟེ། སའི་ཁམས་ནི་སྲ་ཞིང་གཞི་འཛིན་པའི་ལས་བྱེད་པ། ཆུ་ཁམས་གཤེར་ཞིང་སྡུད་པ།|cause&nbsp;elements&nbsp;great&nbsp;four&nbsp;earth element&nbsp;solid and base to hold&nbsp;action do&nbsp;water element liquid and draw together|མེ་ཁམས་དྲོ་ཞིང་སྨིན་པ། རླུང་ཁམས་གཡོ་ཞིང་འཕེལ་བར་བྱེད་པའོ།།|fire element warmth and mature wind element move and increase do|Causal [forms] are the four great elements.  The earth element is solid and  is performing the function of support. The water element is liquid and cohesion. The fire element is warmth maturing. The wind element is moving and increasing.}}




==Examples for Types of Verbs with an Argument in ''ming tsam''==


'''See''': [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#The Syntactic Verb Categories|The Syntactic Verb Categories]] and [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Classification of Verbs According to Semantic and Syntactic Groups|Classification of Verbs According to Semantic and Syntactic Groups]]<br>


{{grule|verbs have their theme in ''ming tsam''}}<br>


1.3 in compound words
Exceptions are discussed in the verb section. E.g., see: (in [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#The Syntactic Verb Categories|The Syntactic Verb Categories]]) [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#the syntactic verb categories - heading - agentive directed|agentive directed]], [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#directed grammar with transitive verbs| directed grammar with transitive verbs]] and  (in [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Classification of Verbs According to Semantic and Syntactic Groups|Classification of Verbs According to Semantic and Syntactic Groups]]) [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Verbs Expressing Mental Activity with Directed Grammar| Verbs Expressing Mental Activity with Directed Grammar]], [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Verbs That Can Take a Referential ལ་ for Their Theme| Verbs That Can Take a Referential ལ་ for Their Theme]], [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Verbs of Benefit or Harm and Hindrance|Verbs of Benefit or Harm and Hindrance]], [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Verbs that Express "to Make Effort, to Engage In"|Verbs Expressing "to Make Effort, to Engage In"]]<br>


See also "Formation of the Tibetan Words - compounded nouns".
===Linking Verb===
<small>[[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Classification of Verbs According to Semantic and Syntactic Groups - Linking Verb|linking verb]], category: [[Tibetan_Grammar - verbs#ming tsam intransitive - stative copula|''ming tsam intransitive'' - stative copula]]</small><br>
{{Grule|'''theme''' (subject): ''ming tsam'', '''complement'''<ref>The qualifier of a linking verb is usually called "complement". This term is also used here to distinguish it from "qualifiers" that are not in ''ming tsam''.</ref>: ''ming tsam'', strict "theme - complement" word order}}<br>


1.3.1 adjective/verb - adjective/verb
{{gsample|དམར་པོ་ནི་ཁ་དོག་ཡིན།|red&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;colour&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is|Red is [a] colour.}}<br>


དགའ་སྤྲོ་
===Intransitive Verbs===


happy joyful
{{Grule|'''theme''' (subject): ''ming tsam''}}<br>


happy
[[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Intransitive Verbs Without Qualifier and with la don for Their Qualifier|Intransitive verbs]] like:<br>


from:
verbs of existence and possession<br>
དགའ་བ་ adjective, noun, verb དགའ་བ།  དགའ་བ།  དགའ་བ།  ༼ཐ་མི་དད་པ༽
joyful, happy; joy; to be happy, glad, pleased, to take joy in
and
སྤྲོ་བ་ verb སྤྲོ་བ།  སྤྲོ་བ།  སྤྲོ་བ།  ༼ཐ་མི་དད་པ༽
to be joyful, to enjoy


བོད་སྐད་
<small>verbs of existence<br></small>
<small>[[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Verbs of Existence|verbs of existence]], category: [[Tibetan_Grammar - verbs#ming tsam intransitive - stative located|''ming tsam'' intransitive - stative ''located'']]</small>
{{grules|'''theme''': ''ming tsam'', '''qualifier'''&mdash;place of existence: ''la don''}}<br>


Tibet language
{{gsample|མོ་གཤམ་གྱི་བུ་མེད།|barren women son not exist|The barren women’s son does not exist.}}<br>


Tibetan language
<small>verbs of possession<br></small>
<small>[[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Verbs of Possession|verbs of possession]] category: [[Tibetan_Grammar - verbs#ming tsam intransitive - stative located|''ming tsam'' intransitive - stative ''located'']]</small><br>
{{grules|'''theme'''&mdash;what is owned: ''ming tsam'', '''qualifier'''&mdash;possessor: ''la don''}}<br>


1.3.3 noun -  - adjective
{{gsample|བདག་ལ་གཡག་ཡོད།|I  bos grunniens have|I have yaks.}}<br>
This combination becomes either just a noun with an adjective (see: " adjectives") or a new word


གཏིང་ཟབ་
non-volitional event verbs<br>
<small>[[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Non-Volitional Event Verbs|non-volitional event verbs]], category: [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#ming tsam intransitive - dynamic non-volitional|''ming tsam'' intransitive - dynamic non-volitional]]</small><br>
{{grules|'''theme''' (subject): ''ming tsam'', '''qualifier''': ''la don''}}<br>


bottom, depth  deep
{{gfverb|ཤར་བ།|འཆར་བ།|འཆར་བ།||to arise|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
{{gsample|ཉི་མ་ཤར།|sun&nbsp;&nbsp;arose|The sun arose.}}<br>


very deep; profound
verbs of motion<br>
<small>[[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Verbs of Motion|verbs of motion]], category: [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#ming tsam intransitive - dynamic directed|''ming tsam'' intransitive - dynamic ''directed'']]</small><br>
{{grules|theme: ''ming tsam'';&nbsp;&nbsp;qualifier-direction, destination: ''la don'';&nbsp;&nbsp;qualifier-origin: originative}}<br>


རྒྱ་ཆེ་
{{gfverb|ཕྱིན་པ་ / སོང་བ།|འགྲོ་བ།|འགྲོ་བ།|སོང།|to go|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
{{gsample|ཁོ་ལྷ་སར་ཕྱིན།|he Lhasa&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;went|He went to Lhasa.}}<br>


extent big
verbs of necessity<br>
<small>[[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Verbs of Necessity]] category: [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#ming tsam intransitive - stative located|''ming tsam'' intransitive - stative ''located'']]</small><br>
{{grules|'''Qualifier'''&mdash;that which needs: ''la don'', '''theme'''&mdash;that what is needed: ''ming tsam''}}<br>


vast, extensive
{{gfverb|དགོས་པ།|དགོས་པ།|དགོས་པ།||to need|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
{{gsample|མྱུ་གུ་ལ་ཆུ་དགོས།|sprouts water need|Sprouts need water.}}<br>


In Tibetan, the '''theme''' (subject) of the verb {{gtib|དགོས་པ་}}, to need, is that what is needed, it ''performs'' the action ''to be needed'', (the "water" in the example). What or whom ''needs'' is the qualifier (the "sprouts").<br>


1.4  apposition


སངས་རྒྱས། ཀུན་མཁྱེན། རྐང་གཉིས་གཙོ་བོ། སྐུ་གསུམ་པ། མཁྱེན་ལྔ་པ། འགྲོ་བའི་བླ་མ།    རྒྱལ་བ། བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས།
===Transitive Verbs===
<small>[[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Transitive Verbs|transitive verbs]], category: [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#agentive transitive|agentive transitive]]</small><br>


Buddha        all knowing  foot two    main  kaya  three  knowledge five beings highest / teacher victorious  Bhagavan
{{grule|'''Agent''' (subject): ''agentive particle'', '''theme''' (object): ''ming tsam''}}<br>


The Buddha, the Omniscient One, Chief of Humans (bipeds), Victorious One, [Possessor of] the Three Kayas, the One with the Five Knowledges, Lord of Beings, Victorious One, Bhagavan ....
{{gfverb|བསྟན་པ།|སྟོན་པ།|བསྟན་པ།|སྟོན།|to teach|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
{{gsample|སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱིས་ཆོས་བསྟན།|Buddha&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dharma taught|The Buddha taught the Dharma.}}<br>


===Ditransitive Verbs===
{{grule|'''Agent''' (subject): ''agentive particle'', '''theme''' (object): ''ming tsam'', '''recipient''' (indirect object)<ref>also called "addressee" and "beneficiary"</ref>: ''la don''}}<br>


1.5. nouns in a list / nominalized clauses in a list
{{gfverb|སྟེར་བ།|སྟེར་བ།|སྟེར་བ།|སྟེར།|to give|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}}
{{gsample|སྨན་པས་ནད་པ་ལ་སྨན་སྟེར།|doctor&nbsp;&nbsp;the ill&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;medicine give|The doctor gives medicine to the ill.}}<br>


སངས་རྒྱས་ཆོས་ཚོགས་    ཁམས་དང་བྱང་ཆུབ་དང༌། ཡོན་ཏེན་སངས་རྒྱས་འཕྲིན་ལས་ཐ་མ་སྟེ།


Buddha  Dharma assembly element enlightenment              qualities enlightened activity    final
===Verbs of Absence and "Presence"===
<small>[[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Verbs of Absence and Presence|verbs of absence and presence]], category: [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#ming tsam intransitive agentive|''ming tsam'' intransitive - stative agentive]], [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#ming tsam intransitive agentive|''ming tsam'' intransitive - dynamic agentive]], [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#agentive transitive agentive|agentive transitive - agentive]]</small><br>


The Buddha, Dharma, Sangha, element, enlightenment, qualities and finally enlightened activity...
{{grule|'''theme''': ''ming tsam'', '''qualifier''' - that what is absent or "present": agentive particle}}<br>


 
{{gfverb|སྟོངས་པ།|སྟོང་པ།|སྟོང་པ།||to be empty|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
རྒྱུ་ནི་འབྱུང་བ་ཆེན་པོ་བཞི་སྟེ། སའི་ཁམས་ནི་སྲ་ཞིང་གཞི་འཛིན་པའི་ལས་བྱེད་པ། ཆུ་ཁམས་གཤེར་  ཞིང་སྡུད་པ།
{{gsample|ལུང་པ་ཆུས་སྟོང་པ།|land&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;water&nbsp;&nbsp;empty|the land is empty of water}}
 
cause  elements  great  four  earth element  solid and base to hold  action to do  water element liquid and  to draw together
 
མེ་ཁམས་དྲོ་    ཞིང་  སྨིན་པ། རླུང་ཁམས་  གཡོ་  ཞིང་ འཕེལ་བར་བྱེད་པའོ།།
 
fire element warmth and to mature wind element to move and to increase to do
 
Causal [forms] are the four great elements.  The earth element is solid and  is performing the function of support.
The water element is liquid and cohesion. The fire element is warmth maturing. The wind element is moving and increasing.
 
 
2.  dependent on verb type
 
Most verbs have their patient in ming tsam.
See: Verb Notes, 1.2.1 patient; Verbs, 2  introduction to classifications of verbs according to their grammar; Verb Notes, 1.2 patient  / subject-object / valency: advantages and problems;
 
2.1.  linking verb
 
patient (subject): ming tsam qualifier: ming tsam strict "first patient - then qualifier" word order
 
དམར་པོ་ནི་ཁ་དོག་ཡིན།
 
red            colour  is
 
Red is [a] colour.
 
 
2.2 verbs of existence
 
patient: ming tsam            qualifier - place of existence: la don
 
མོ་གཤམ་གྱི་བུ་མེད།
 
barren women son not exist
 
The barren women’s son does not exist.
 
 
2.3 verbs of possession I
 
patient - what is owned: ming tsam            qualifier - possessor: la don
 
བདག་ལ་གཡག་ཡོད།
 
I  bos grunniens have
 
I have yaks.         
 
2.4 intransitive verbs
 
patient (subject): ming tsam qualifier: la don
 
ཉི་མ་ཤར།
ཤར་བ།  འཆར་བ།  འཆར་བ། ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
sun    arose
 
The sun arose.
 
ཁོ་ལྷ་སར་ཕྱིན།
ཕྱིན་པ་ / སོང་བ།  འགྲོ་བ།  འགྲོ་བ།  སོང། ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
he Lhasa  went
 
He went to Lhasa.
 
 
2.5 transitive verbs
 
agent (subject): agentive particle patient (object): ming tsam
 
སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱིས་ཆོས་བསྟན།
བསྟན་པ།  སྟོན་པ།  བསྟན་པ།  སྟོན།
Buddha          Dharma taught
 
The Buddha taught the Dharma.
 
 
2.6 ditransitive verbs
 
agent (subject): agentive particle            patient (object): ming tsam              recipient (indirect object)1: la don
 
སྨན་པས་ནད་པ་ལ་སྨན་སྟེར།
སྟེར་བ།  སྟེར་བ།  སྟེར་བ།  སྟེར།
doctor  the ill  medicine give
 
The doctor gives medicine to the ill.
 
 
2.7 Verbs with noticeable grammar: verbs of necessity; verbs of absence and "presence"
 
2.7.1 verbs of necessity
 
qualifier  / that which needs: la don   patient / that what is needed: ming tsam
 
མྱུ་གུ་ལ་ཆུ་དགོས།
དགོས་པ།  དགོས་པ།  དགོས་པ།  ༼ཐ་མི་དད་པ༽
sprouts water need
 
Sprouts need water.
 
In Tibetan, the patient (subject) of the verb དགོས་པ་ "to need" is that what is needed, it "performs" the action "to be needed", (the "water" in the example). What or whom 'needs' is the qualifier (the "sprouts"). This is different in English where the patient (subject) of the verb "to need" is the one who needs something. E.g. In "He needs water", "he" is the patient (subject).
 
2.7.2 verbs of absence and "presence"
 
that which is absent / "present": agentive  that which is absent of something: ming tsam
 
ལུང་པ་ཆུས་སྟོང་པ།  
སྟོངས་པ།  སྟོང་པ།  སྟོང་པ།  ༼ཐ་མི་དད་པ༽
land   water empty
 
the land is empty of water
 
 
 
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Latest revision as of 14:54, 18 August 2016

WORK IN PROGRESS: the grammar articles are being edited for wiki publication. During editing, the content might be incomplete, out of sequence or even misleading. In the verb section the approach to explain Tibetan verbs is changed to that of the "three thematic relations: Theme, Location, and Agent" - there will be discrepancies to the other grammar section until they are matched with it

Articles on Tibetan Grammar
1. Introduction
2. Formation of the Tibetan Syllable
3. Formation of the Tibetan Word
4. First case: ming tsam
5. agentive particle
6. Connective Particle
7. La don particles
8. La don particles—Notes
9. Originative case
10. Verbs
11. Verbs—Notes
12. Syntactic particles

(by Stefan J. Gueffroy[1] [fka Eckel])

ming tsam མིང་ཙམ་, Just the Name

 This section contains Tibetan script. Without proper Tibetan rendering support configured, you may see other symbols instead of Tibetan script.

Also called: nominative case, "no particle", accusative case, patient role particle "-Ø", rirst case. This case does not add any particle to the word or changes it any way.


Independent of Verb Type

Topic

Enumeration, Section Heading, Title

དང་པོ།
first
firstly


Proleptic

Proleptic: anticipatory
བྲམ་ཟེ་དབུལ་པོ་དེ་ནི་ཁྱིམ་བདག་གིས་དེ་ལ་བཟའ་དང་བགོ་བ་བྱིན།
Brahmin  poor       householder            food       cloths   gave
(Regarding) that poor Brahmin, the householder gave food and cloth to that (one).
The householder gave food and cloth to that poor Brahmin.


Temporal ming tsam

Temporal ming tsam can also be viewed as a very frequently omitted locative (la don) of time.
དེར་བསྡད་དུས་ same as: དེར་བསྡད་དུས་སུ་
there stayed time            there stayed time la don
at the time of staying there


དེའི་ཚེ་ same as: དེའི་ཚེ་ན་
that time            that time la don
at that (point in) time


In Compound Words

Note: See also "Formation of the Tibetan Words - Compounded Nouns".

Adjective/Verb - Adjective/Verb

to be happy, glad v.i. ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
དགའ་བ།  དགའ་བ།  དགའ་བ། 
past pres. fut. imp.
དགའ་སྤྲོ་
happy joyful
happy
  • from: དགའ་བ་ adjective, noun, verb:

joyful, happy; joy; to be happy, glad, pleased, to take joy in

to be joyful
to enjoy 		v.i. ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
སྤྲོ་བ།  སྤྲོ་བ།  སྤྲོ་བ། 
past pres. fut. imp.
སྤྲོ་བ་
joyful
to be joyful, to enjoy


བོད་སྐད་
Tibet language
Tibetan language


Noun - Adjective

A noun-adjective combination becomes either just a noun with an adjective (see: " adjectives") or a new word.


གཏིང་ཟབ་
bottom, depth  deep
very deep; profound


རྒྱ་ཆེ་
extent big
vast, extensive


Apposition

སངས་རྒྱས། ཀུན་མཁྱེན། རྐང་གཉིས་གཙོ་བོ། སྐུ་གསུམ་པ། མཁྱེན་ལྔ་པ། འགྲོ་བའི་བླ་མ། རྒྱལ་བ། བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས།
Buddha    all knowing   foot two    main  kaya  three knowledge five being highest victorious Bhagavan
The Buddha, the Omniscient One, Chief of Humans (bipeds), Victorious One, [Possessor of] the Three Kayas, the One with the Five Knowledges, Lord of Beings, Victorious One, Bhagavan[...]


Nouns in a List - Nominalized Clauses in a List

སངས་རྒྱས་ཆོས་ཚོགས་ཁམས་དང་བྱང་ཆུབ་དང༌། ཡོན་ཏེན་སངས་རྒྱས་འཕྲིན་ལས་ཐ་མ་སྟེ།
Buddha Dharma assembly element enlightenment qualities enlightened activity final
The Buddha, Dharma, Sangha, element, enlightenment, qualities and finally enlightened activity


རྒྱུ་ནི་འབྱུང་བ་ཆེན་པོ་བཞི་སྟེ། སའི་ཁམས་ནི་སྲ་ཞིང་གཞི་འཛིན་པའི་ལས་བྱེད་པ། ཆུ་ཁམས་གཤེར་ཞིང་སྡུད་པ།
cause elements great four earth element solid and base to hold action do water element liquid and draw together
མེ་ཁམས་དྲོ་ཞིང་སྨིན་པ། རླུང་ཁམས་གཡོ་ཞིང་འཕེལ་བར་བྱེད་པའོ།།
fire element warmth and mature wind element move and increase do
Causal [forms] are the four great elements. The earth element is solid and is performing the function of support. The water element is liquid and cohesion. The fire element is warmth maturing. The wind element is moving and increasing.


Examples for Types of Verbs with an Argument in ming tsam

See: The Syntactic Verb Categories and Classification of Verbs According to Semantic and Syntactic Groups

verbs have their theme in ming tsam


Exceptions are discussed in the verb section. E.g., see: (in The Syntactic Verb Categories) agentive directed, directed grammar with transitive verbs and (in Classification of Verbs According to Semantic and Syntactic Groups) Verbs Expressing Mental Activity with Directed Grammar, Verbs That Can Take a Referential ལ་ for Their Theme, Verbs of Benefit or Harm and Hindrance, Verbs Expressing "to Make Effort, to Engage In"

Linking Verb

linking verb, category: ming tsam intransitive - stative copula

theme (subject): ming tsam, complement[2]: ming tsam, strict "theme - complement" word order


དམར་པོ་ནི་ཁ་དོག་ཡིན།
red          colour   is
Red is [a] colour.


Intransitive Verbs

theme (subject): ming tsam


Intransitive verbs like:

verbs of existence and possession

verbs of existence
 verbs of existence, category: ming tsam intransitive - stative located

theme: ming tsam, qualifier—place of existence: la don


མོ་གཤམ་གྱི་བུ་མེད།
barren women son not exist
The barren women’s son does not exist.


verbs of possession
 verbs of possession category: ming tsam intransitive - stative located

theme—what is owned: ming tsam, qualifier—possessor: la don


བདག་ལ་གཡག་ཡོད།
I bos grunniens have
I have yaks.


non-volitional event verbs
non-volitional event verbs, category: ming tsam intransitive - dynamic non-volitional

theme (subject): ming tsam, qualifier: la don


to arise v.i. ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
ཤར་བ།  འཆར་བ།  འཆར་བ། 
past pres. fut. imp.
ཉི་མ་ཤར།
sun  arose
The sun arose.


verbs of motion
verbs of motion, category: ming tsam intransitive - dynamic directed

theme: ming tsam;  qualifier-direction, destination: la don;  qualifier-origin: originative


to go v.i. ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
ཕྱིན་པ་ / སོང་བ།  འགྲོ་བ།  འགྲོ་བ།  སོང།
past pres. fut. imp.
ཁོ་ལྷ་སར་ཕྱིན།
he Lhasa   went
He went to Lhasa.


verbs of necessity
Tibetan Grammar - verbs#Verbs of Necessity category: ming tsam intransitive - stative located

Qualifier—that which needs: la don, theme—that what is needed: ming tsam


to need v.i. ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
དགོས་པ།  དགོས་པ།  དགོས་པ། 
past pres. fut. imp.
མྱུ་གུ་ལ་ཆུ་དགོས།
sprouts water need
Sprouts need water.


In Tibetan, the theme (subject) of the verb དགོས་པ་, to need, is that what is needed, it performs the action to be needed, (the "water" in the example). What or whom needs is the qualifier (the "sprouts").


Transitive Verbs

transitive verbs, category: agentive transitive

Agent (subject): agentive particle, theme (object): ming tsam


to teach v.t. ཐ་དད་པ་
བསྟན་པ།  སྟོན་པ།  བསྟན་པ།  སྟོན།
past pres. fut. imp.
སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱིས་ཆོས་བསྟན།
Buddha         Dharma taught
The Buddha taught the Dharma.


Ditransitive Verbs

Agent (subject): agentive particle, theme (object): ming tsam, recipient (indirect object)[3]: la don


to give v.t. ཐ་དད་པ་
སྟེར་བ།  སྟེར་བ།  སྟེར་བ།  སྟེར།
past pres. fut. imp.
སྨན་པས་ནད་པ་ལ་སྨན་སྟེར།
doctor  the ill   medicine give
The doctor gives medicine to the ill.



Verbs of Absence and "Presence"

verbs of absence and presence, category: ming tsam intransitive - stative agentive, ming tsam intransitive - dynamic agentive, agentive transitive - agentive

theme: ming tsam, qualifier - that what is absent or "present": agentive particle


to be empty v.i. ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
སྟོངས་པ།  སྟོང་པ།  སྟོང་པ། 
past pres. fut. imp.
ལུང་པ་ཆུས་སྟོང་པ།
land   water  empty
the land is empty of water


Endnotes

  1. ↑ recently adopted
  2. ↑ The qualifier of a linking verb is usually called "complement". This term is also used here to distinguish it from "qualifiers" that are not in ming tsam.
  3. ↑ also called "addressee" and "beneficiary"
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