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[[Image:Kleshas.jpg|frame|The centre of the 'wheel of life': a pig representing ignorance, a cock representing desire and a snake representing anger]]
[[Image:Kleshas.jpg|frame|The centre of the [[Wheel of Life]]. In this image: ignorance is represented by a pig; attachment/desire is represented by an Indian bird known for its attachment to its mate; aversion/anger is represented by a snake, since it is quick to strike.]]
'''Disturbing emotions''' (Skt. ''klesha''; Tib. ''nyönmong''; ''nyon mongs'') - the negative destructive emotions which are the cause of [[suffering]].  
'''Destructive emotions''' (Skt. ''kleśa''; Tib. [[ཉོན་མོངས་]], ''nyönmong'', [[Wyl.]] ''nyon mongs'') the negative, destructive emotions which are the cause of [[suffering]]. Some translators prefer not to translate ''klesha'' as 'emotion', because, as they point out, we would not immediately think of delusion and doubt, for example, as being ‘emotions’.
 
==Definitions==
*From the ''Great Tibetan Dictionary'' (''bod kyi tshig mdzod chen mo''):
མི་དགེ་བའི་ལས་བསྐུལ་བས་རང་རྒྱུད་རབ་ཏུ་མ་ཞི་བར་བྱེད་པའི་སེམས་བྱུང་།, ''mi dge ba'i las bskul bas rang rgyud rab tu ma zhi bar byed pa'i sems byung''<br>
“mental events that incite one to unvirtuous actions and cause one’s being to be very [unpeaceful]”<ref>Quoted in [[Jamgön Kongtrul]] and [[Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche]], ''Creation and Completion, Essential Points of Tantric Meditation'', Translated by Sarah Harding (Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1996-2002), page 156, note 8.</ref>
 
*From the ''[[Great Tibetan Dictionary]]'':<br>
ལུས་སེམས་གདུང་བའི་དཀའ་ལས་སམ་ངལ་དུབ་དང་་།  མི་དགེ་བའི་ལས་བསྐུལ་བས་རང་རྒྱུད་རབ་ཏུ་མ་ཞི་བར་བྱེད་པའི་སེམས་བྱུང་།, ''lus sems gdung ba'i dka' las sam ngal dub dang, mi dge ba'i las bskul bas rang rgyud rab tu ma zhi bar byed pa'i sems byung,''<br>
“a mental state that afflicts the body and mind with difficulty and fatigue and makes one’s being extremely ill at ease by inciting one to unwholesome actions.”


==Divisions==
==Divisions==
*The three main disturbing emotions are [[ignorance]], attachment and aversion.
*The three main destructive emotions (or [[three poisons]]) are [[ignorance]], [[desire|attachment]] and [[anger|aversion]].
*When classified as five, [[pride]] and [[jealousy]] are added. Pride is a combination of ignorance and attachment, and jealousy is a combination of attachment and aggression.
*When classified as five, [[pride]] and [[jealousy]] are added (the [[five poisons]]). Pride is a combination of ignorance and attachment, and jealousy is a combination of attachment and aggression.
*[[Six root disturbing emotions]]
The [[Abhidharma]] further categorizes all destructive emotions into:
*[[Six root disturbing emotions]] and
*[[Twenty subsidiary disturbing emotions]]
*[[Twenty subsidiary disturbing emotions]]


==Working with the Emotions==
==Causes of Destructive Emotions==
 
In the [[Abhidharma]] it says there are '''three main causes of negative emotions''':
In the [[Abhidharma]] it says there are '''three main causes of negative emotions''':
#Not having abandoned the latent tendencies or predispositions (Tib. ཉོན་མོངས་པའི་བག་ལ་ཉལ་མ་སྤང་, Wyl. ''nyon mongs pa’i bag la nyal ma spang'')
#Coming into contact with a provocative object (Tib. ཉོན་མོངས་སྐྱེ་བའི་ཡུལ་ཉེ་བར་གནས་པ་, Wyl. ''nyon mongs skye ba’i yul nye bar gnas pa'')
#Incorrect thinking or an unhelpful attitude (Tib. ཚུལ་བཞིན་མ་ཡིན་པའི་ཡིད་ལ་བྱེད་པ་, Wyl. ''tshul bzhin ma yin pa’i yid la byed pa'')


#Not having abandoned the latent tendencies or predispositions (''nyon mongs pa’i bag la nyal ma spang'')
==Working with Destructive Emotions==
#Coming into contact with a provocative object (''nyon mongs skye ba’i yul nye bar gnas pa'')
#Incorrect thinking or an unhelpful attitude (''tshul zhin ma yin pa yid la byed pa'')
 
[[His Holiness the Dalai Lama]] has said that there are '''three reasons for believing that the destructive emotions can be eliminated from our minds''':
[[His Holiness the Dalai Lama]] has said that there are '''three reasons for believing that the destructive emotions can be eliminated from our minds''':


# All the destructive emotions and mental states are essentially distorted, whereas the antidotes, such as love, compassion and insight, are undistorted and based on how things really are.
# All the destructive emotions and mental states are essentially distorted, whereas the [[antidotes]], such as love, compassion and insight, are undistorted and based on how things really are.
#The antidotes have the quality of being strengthened through training and practice.
#The antidotes have the quality of being strengthened through training and practice.
#The essential nature of the mind is pure and undefiled by the destructive emotions.
#The essential nature of the mind is pure and undefiled by the destructive emotions.


[[Ringu Tulku Rinpoche]] says:
[[Ringu Tulku Rinpoche]] says:
:"'''Ignorance''' is the most fundamental of the kleshas, but also the most difficult to work with, so we need to begin with our attachment and aversion.


:"Ignorance is the most fundamental of the kleshas, but also the most difficult to work with, so we need to begin with our attachment and aversion.
:Traditionally the teachings begin with '''attachment''', but I think it is easiest to begin with '''[[anger]]''' or aversion. Attachment is so strong in us we are not really ready to work on it. Of course, if we can deal with attachment then aversion is taken care of automatically, whereas dealing with aversion will not necessarily rid us of attachment. But most people are not prepared to work on their attachment straight away, although they can quite easily see how anger and aversion are destructive and unpleasant.
 
:Traditionally the teachings begin with attachment, but I think it is easiest to begin with [[anger]] or aversion. Attachment is so strong in us we are not really ready to work on it. Of course, if we can deal with attachment then aversion is taken care of automatically, whereas dealing with aversion will not necessarily rid us of attachment. But most people are not prepared to work on their attachment straight away, although they can quite easily see how anger and aversion are destructive and unpleasant.


:In a [[sutra]] it says this very clearly. It says that of the three poisons, ignorance is the most basic and pervasive. It is like the earth. If we can rid ourselves of this, we will rid ourselves of all the negative emotions, but this is difficult precisely because it is so deep and fundamental.
:In a [[sutra]] it says this very clearly. It says that of the three poisons, ignorance is the most basic and pervasive. It is like the '''earth'''. If we can rid ourselves of this, we will rid ourselves of all the negative emotions, but this is difficult precisely because it is so deep and fundamental.


:Yet ignorance does not cause us acute pain or present immediate difficulties, nor will it throw us into the hells. So we can deal with it more slowly.
:Yet ignorance does not cause us acute pain or present immediate difficulties, nor will it throw us into the [[hells]]. So we can deal with it more slowly.


:Then attachment, it says, is like water: it is very pervasive. It causes us pain and suffering and it is not easy to get rid of. Attachment is not all bad—it has both a negative and positive side, e.g. compassion and love, or the resolution to become enlightened. We can be a little patient with this too. Water takes a long time to dry up.
:Then attachment, it says, is like '''water''': it is very pervasive. It causes us pain and suffering and it is not easy to get rid of. Attachment is not all bad—it has both a negative and positive side, e.g. compassion and love, or the resolution to become enlightened. We can be a little patient with this too. Water takes a long time to dry up.


:Aversion is compared to fire. It has almost no positive side. Wishing harm for others will always bring us suffering for others and for ourselves too. Aversion then is where we must begin. It has the quality of a flame: it bursts up very quickly and can burn away everything, but when the fuel is no longer there it will go down again just as quickly."
:Aversion is compared to '''fire'''. It has almost no positive side. Wishing harm for others will always bring us suffering for others and for ourselves too. Aversion then is where we must begin. It has the quality of a flame: it bursts up very quickly and can burn away everything, but when the fuel is no longer there it will go down again just as quickly."


==Translation==
===According to the Different Yanas===
In the [[Hinayana]], the [[shravaka]]s and [[pratyekabuddha]]s '''abandon''' [destructive] emotions or '''bring them to cessation'''. In the causal vehicle of the [[Mahayana]], the [[bodhisattva]]s '''purify''' them. In [[Mantrayana|Mantra]], the followers of the [[Three outer classes of tantra|Outer Tantras]] '''transform''' [destructive emotions] while the followers of the Inner [[Father Tantras|Father]] and [[Mother Tantras|Mother Tantras]]<ref>In the Nyingma tradition, these inner tantras correspond to the [[Mahayoga]] and [[Anuyoga]] tantras.</ref> '''take control''' of them. For a practitioner of [[Atiyoga]], '''the object of abandonment and its remedy are of one taste'''.<ref>[[Jokyab Rinpoche]] in ''Light of Wisdom, Vol. Two'', translated by Erik Pema Kunsang (Boudhanath: Rangjung Yeshe Publications, 1986-98), pages 157-158.</ref>


===Alternative Translations===
==Alternative Translations==
*Destructive emotions
*Negative emotions
*Negative emotions
*Disturbing emotions
*Disturbing emotions
Line 45: Line 53:
*Defiled emotions
*Defiled emotions
*Afflictive emotions
*Afflictive emotions
*Kleshas
*Addictive emotions
*Dissonant emotions (Gyurme Dorje and Thupten Jinpa)
*Dissonant emotions (Gyurme Dorje and [[Thupten Jinpa]])
*Dissonant mental states (Gyurme Dorje and Graham Coleman)
*Passions (Sangye Khandro following Dungse [[Thinley Norbu]])
*Passions (Sangye Khandro following Dungse [[Thinley Norbu]])


===Definition===
==Notes & References==
''mi dge ba'i las bskul bas rang rgyud rab tu ma zhi bar byed pa'i sems byung''<br>
<small><references/></small>
“mental events that incite one to unvirtuous actions and cause one’s being to be very unpeaceful” quoted in ''Creation and Completion'', p. 102 n. 8
 
From the ''Great Dictionary'':<br>
''lus sems gdung ba'i dka' las sam ngal dub dang, mi dge ba'i las bskul bas rang rgyud rab tu ma zhi bar byed pa'i sems byung,''<br>
“a mental state that afflicts the body and mind with difficulty and fatigue and makes one’s being extremely ill at ease by inciting one to unwholesome actions.”
 
===Comments===
Some translators prefer not to translate ''nyon mongs'' as emotion, because, as they point out, we would not immediately think of delusion and doubt, for example, as being ‘emotions’.
 


==Further Reading==
*[[Dreyfus, Georges]], "An Abhidharmic View of Emotional Pathologies and their Remedies" in Harrignton and Zajonc (ed.) ''The Dalai Lama at MIT''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008
*Goleman, Daniel. ''Destructive Emotions: A Scientific Dialogue with the Dalai Lama'', Bantam, 2003


[[Category:Key Terms]]
[[Category: Key Terms]]
[[Category: Destructive Emotions| ]]

Latest revision as of 06:44, 14 September 2023

The centre of the Wheel of Life. In this image: ignorance is represented by a pig; attachment/desire is represented by an Indian bird known for its attachment to its mate; aversion/anger is represented by a snake, since it is quick to strike.

Destructive emotions (Skt. kleśa; Tib. ཉོན་མོངས་, nyönmong, Wyl. nyon mongs) — the negative, destructive emotions which are the cause of suffering. Some translators prefer not to translate klesha as 'emotion', because, as they point out, we would not immediately think of delusion and doubt, for example, as being ‘emotions’.

Definitions

  • From the Great Tibetan Dictionary (bod kyi tshig mdzod chen mo):

མི་དགེ་བའི་ལས་བསྐུལ་བས་རང་རྒྱུད་རབ་ཏུ་མ་ཞི་བར་བྱེད་པའི་སེམས་བྱུང་།, mi dge ba'i las bskul bas rang rgyud rab tu ma zhi bar byed pa'i sems byung
“mental events that incite one to unvirtuous actions and cause one’s being to be very [unpeaceful]”[1]

ལུས་སེམས་གདུང་བའི་དཀའ་ལས་སམ་ངལ་དུབ་དང་་། མི་དགེ་བའི་ལས་བསྐུལ་བས་རང་རྒྱུད་རབ་ཏུ་མ་ཞི་བར་བྱེད་པའི་སེམས་བྱུང་།, lus sems gdung ba'i dka' las sam ngal dub dang, mi dge ba'i las bskul bas rang rgyud rab tu ma zhi bar byed pa'i sems byung,
“a mental state that afflicts the body and mind with difficulty and fatigue and makes one’s being extremely ill at ease by inciting one to unwholesome actions.”

Divisions

The Abhidharma further categorizes all destructive emotions into:

Causes of Destructive Emotions

In the Abhidharma it says there are three main causes of negative emotions:

  1. Not having abandoned the latent tendencies or predispositions (Tib. ཉོན་མོངས་པའི་བག་ལ་ཉལ་མ་སྤང་, Wyl. nyon mongs pa’i bag la nyal ma spang)
  2. Coming into contact with a provocative object (Tib. ཉོན་མོངས་སྐྱེ་བའི་ཡུལ་ཉེ་བར་གནས་པ་, Wyl. nyon mongs skye ba’i yul nye bar gnas pa)
  3. Incorrect thinking or an unhelpful attitude (Tib. ཚུལ་བཞིན་མ་ཡིན་པའི་ཡིད་ལ་བྱེད་པ་, Wyl. tshul bzhin ma yin pa’i yid la byed pa)

Working with Destructive Emotions

His Holiness the Dalai Lama has said that there are three reasons for believing that the destructive emotions can be eliminated from our minds:

  1. All the destructive emotions and mental states are essentially distorted, whereas the antidotes, such as love, compassion and insight, are undistorted and based on how things really are.
  2. The antidotes have the quality of being strengthened through training and practice.
  3. The essential nature of the mind is pure and undefiled by the destructive emotions.

Ringu Tulku Rinpoche says:

"Ignorance is the most fundamental of the kleshas, but also the most difficult to work with, so we need to begin with our attachment and aversion.
Traditionally the teachings begin with attachment, but I think it is easiest to begin with anger or aversion. Attachment is so strong in us we are not really ready to work on it. Of course, if we can deal with attachment then aversion is taken care of automatically, whereas dealing with aversion will not necessarily rid us of attachment. But most people are not prepared to work on their attachment straight away, although they can quite easily see how anger and aversion are destructive and unpleasant.
In a sutra it says this very clearly. It says that of the three poisons, ignorance is the most basic and pervasive. It is like the earth. If we can rid ourselves of this, we will rid ourselves of all the negative emotions, but this is difficult precisely because it is so deep and fundamental.
Yet ignorance does not cause us acute pain or present immediate difficulties, nor will it throw us into the hells. So we can deal with it more slowly.
Then attachment, it says, is like water: it is very pervasive. It causes us pain and suffering and it is not easy to get rid of. Attachment is not all bad—it has both a negative and positive side, e.g. compassion and love, or the resolution to become enlightened. We can be a little patient with this too. Water takes a long time to dry up.
Aversion is compared to fire. It has almost no positive side. Wishing harm for others will always bring us suffering for others and for ourselves too. Aversion then is where we must begin. It has the quality of a flame: it bursts up very quickly and can burn away everything, but when the fuel is no longer there it will go down again just as quickly."

According to the Different Yanas

In the Hinayana, the shravakas and pratyekabuddhas abandon [destructive] emotions or bring them to cessation. In the causal vehicle of the Mahayana, the bodhisattvas purify them. In Mantra, the followers of the Outer Tantras transform [destructive emotions] while the followers of the Inner Father and Mother Tantras[2] take control of them. For a practitioner of Atiyoga, the object of abandonment and its remedy are of one taste.[3]

Alternative Translations

  • Negative emotions
  • Disturbing emotions
  • (Mental) Afflictions (B. Alan Wallace)
  • Defiled emotions
  • Afflictive emotions
  • Addictive emotions
  • Dissonant emotions (Gyurme Dorje and Thupten Jinpa)
  • Dissonant mental states (Gyurme Dorje and Graham Coleman)
  • Passions (Sangye Khandro following Dungse Thinley Norbu)

Notes & References

  1. Quoted in Jamgön Kongtrul and Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche, Creation and Completion, Essential Points of Tantric Meditation, Translated by Sarah Harding (Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1996-2002), page 156, note 8.
  2. In the Nyingma tradition, these inner tantras correspond to the Mahayoga and Anuyoga tantras.
  3. Jokyab Rinpoche in Light of Wisdom, Vol. Two, translated by Erik Pema Kunsang (Boudhanath: Rangjung Yeshe Publications, 1986-98), pages 157-158.

Further Reading

  • Dreyfus, Georges, "An Abhidharmic View of Emotional Pathologies and their Remedies" in Harrignton and Zajonc (ed.) The Dalai Lama at MIT. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008
  • Goleman, Daniel. Destructive Emotions: A Scientific Dialogue with the Dalai Lama, Bantam, 2003