|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| '''WORK IN PROGRESS''': the grammar articles are being edited for wiki publication. During editing, the content might be incomplete, out of sequence or even misleading.
| | #REDIRECT [[Tibetan Grammar - Connective Particle]] |
| '''In the verb section the approach to explain Tibetan verbs is changed to that of the "three thematic relations: Theme, Location, and Agent" - there will be discrepancies to the other grammar section until they are matched with it'''
| |
| | |
| {{Grammar articles}}
| |
| | |
| ''by Stefan J. Eckel''
| |
| | |
| =Connective Particle—འབྲེལ་བའི་སྒྲ་: གི་ཀྱི་གྱི་འི་ཡི་=
| |
| * Also called: relation particle; genitive particle; connective case [particle]<br>
| |
| | |
| | |
| The connective cases connects nouns and noun phrases with other nouns, noun phrases and adjectives. Of the two connected parts it is the second that is "said more about", that is modified etc. by the first part. E.g. དམ་པའི་ཆོས་ with དམ་པ་ "noble" coming first and being joined by the connective particle འི་ to ཆོས་ "Dharma" identifying it to be the "noble Dharma".
| |
| The usage of the connective case is always independent of the clause's verb, it does not mark the function of any of the participants of the clause in relation to the verb.
| |
| The connective particle is also used to coordinate clauses. In this usage it comes after the root of the verb.
| |
| | |
| '''The categories below are for illustration''' of the types of connections that occur with the connective case and are '''not exhaustive''' as such. Some of these categories can be further expanded while others can be merged. Some examples might belong to more than one category or, on the other hand, some might not fit neatly into any of them, e.g.<br>
| |
| {{gsample|བདག་ཅག་གི་སྟོན་པ་|we teacher|our teacher}}
| |
| {{gtib|བདག་ཅག་གི་སྟོན་པ་}} "our teacher" might be classed with "possessive connective", yet as it is an epithet of the Buddha himself it does not seem quite fitting when thinking of the Tibetan term for the "possessive connective" which is described by {{gtib|བདག་པོ་}} "owner". The usual "quick fix" would be to place it with "modification" and does not cause any trouble with the English meaning of the term, but with the Tibetan explanation for "modification-connective" being the connection of the {{gtib|ཁྱད་ཆོས་}} "feature, quality" and the bases for these features {{gtib|ཁྱད་གཞི་}} it again does not seem to be quite fitting. It might also be placed in "field of activity connective" or in a new extra category of "metaphorical field of activity connective".
| |
| One solution would be to introduce a category like "simple connections" or "miscellaneous connections" to include all those connections that seem not to fit otherwise. Since that would not add anything new to support the understanding of the different type of connections expressed by the connective case, this is not done here.<br>
| |
| | |
| ==Connecting Nouns and Pronouns With Nouns==
| |
| | |
| ===Possessive Connective===
| |
| * Also called: ownership, possession<br>
| |
| * Tibetan grammatical term: {{gtib|བདག་པོ་དང་དངོས་པོའི་འབྲེལ་བ་}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|བདག་གི་གོས་|I clothes|my clothes}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|ངའི་ལག་པ་|I hand}|my hand}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|སུའི་ཁང་པ།|who house|Whose house?}}
| |
| | |
| | |
| ===Modification===
| |
| *Also called: type connective, relation of modifier and modified<br>
| |
| *Tibetan grammatical terms: {{gtib|ཁྱད་ཆོས་དང་ཁྱད་ཆོས་ཅན་གྱི་འབྲེལ་བ་}}, {{gtib| ཁྱད་གཞི་དང་ཁྱད་ཆོས་ཀྱི་འབྲེལ་བ་}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|གསེར་གྱི་ཁ་དོག་|gold colour|golden colour, colour of gold}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|སྙིགས་དུས་ཀྱི་ཚེ་|degeneration time time|time of degeneration}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|མི་དགེ་བའི་ལས་|non-virtue karma|karma of non-virtue}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|ཉིན་མོའི་སྐར་མ་|daytime star|stars at daytime}}
| |
| :::'''Note:''' This is one of the cases where the usual rendering of he connective case by using the English "of" (saying "this ''of'' that") does not work.<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|ཐེག་པ་མཆོག་གི་གདམས་པ་|yana supreme instruction|instruction of the supreme yana}}
| |
| | |
| | |
| ===Relation of Location===
| |
| | |
|
| |
| ====Relation of Location and Inhabitants====
| |
| *Tibetan grammatical terms: {{gtib|གནས་གཞི་དང་གནས་ཆོས་ཀྱི་འབྲེལ་བ་}}<br>
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|དཀྱིལ་འཁོར་གྱི་ལྷ་|mandala deity|deities of the mandala}}
| |
|
| |
| {{gsample|སྙིང་གའི་བླ་མ་|eart centre lama|the lama in the heart centre}}
| |
| :::'''Note:''' An other cases where "of" does not work as translation.
| |
| | |
|
| |
| ====Field of Activity Connective====
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|བོད་ཀྱི་རྒྱལ་པོ་|Tibet king|king of Tibet}}
| |
| | |
| | |
| ===cause and result===
| |
| | |
| ====Relation of Cause and Result====
| |
| | |
| * Tibetan grammatical term: {{gtib|རྒྱུ་འབྲས་ཀྱི་འབྲེལ་བ་}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|ནས་ཀྱི་མྱུ་གུ་|barley sprout|barley-sprout, seedling of barley}}
| |
| | |
| | |
| ====Relation of Origination, Causal Relation====
| |
| | |
| * Tibetan grammatical term: {{gtib|དེ་འབྱུང་འབྲེལ་གྱི་འབྲེལ་བ་}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|ཉི་མའི་འོད་ཟེར་|sun light rays|rays of sun}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|སྦྱིན་པའི་བསོན་ནམས་|generosity merit|merit from / of generosity}}<br>
| |
| | |
| ====Relation of the Source / Origin and the Originated====
| |
| | |
| * Tibetan grammatical term: {{gtib|འབྱུང་ཁུངས་དང་འབྱུང་ཁུངས་ཅན་གྱི་འབྲེལ་བ་}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་ཆོས་|Buddha Dharma| the Dharma of the Buddha}}<br>
| |
| | |
| ====Relation of Agency====
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་བསྟན་པ་|Buddha teaching|the teachings of the Buddha}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|བླ་མའི་བཀའ་|lama command, word|the lama's command}}<br>
| |
| | |
| ====Relation of Result====
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|བདེ་འགྲོའི་རྒྱུ་|pleasant go cause|the cause of [the birth in] higher realms}}<br>
| |
| | |
| ===Separative===
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|ལམ་ལྔའི་གཉིས་པ་|path five second|second of the five path}}<br>
| |
| | |
| ===Destination===
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་ལམ་|enlightenment path|path to enlightenment}}<br>
| |
| :::'''Note:''' An other cases where "of" does not work as translation.<br>
| |
|
| |
| ===Apprehended Object and That Which Apprehends===
| |
| | |
| * Tibetan grammatical term: {{gtib|ཡུལ་དང་ཡུལ་ཅན་གྱི་འབྲེལ་བ་}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|མིག་ཤེས་ཀྱི་གཟུང་བྱ་|eye consciousness held object|the held object of the eye consciousness}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|སྒྲ་ཡི་ཤེས་པ་|sound consciousness, awareness|consciousness (that knows) sound; the knowing of sound}}<br>
| |
| | |
| | |
| ===Composition===
| |
| | |
| ====Relation of Part and Whole====
| |
| | |
| * Tibetan grammatical term: {{gtib|ཡན་ལག་དང་ཡན་ལག་ཅན་གྱི་འབྲེལ་བ་}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|ལྗོན་ཤིང་གི་འདབ་མ་|tree leaves|leaves of the tree}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|ཤིང་སྡོང་གི་ཡལ་ག་|tree branch|branches of the tree}}
| |
| | |
| | |
| ====Relation of Essence and That What Is Of That Essence====
| |
| | |
| * Tibetan grammatical term: {{gtib|རང་བཞིན་དང་རང་བཞིན་ཅན་གྱི་འབྲེལ་བ་}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|གསེར་གྱི་ཨ་ལོང་|gold ear ring|golden ear ring}}
| |
| | |
| | |
| ====Compositional Relation====
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|འཕགས་པའི་དགེ་འདུན་|noble ones sangha|sangha of noble ones}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|མདོའི་དཔེ་ཆ་|sutra book|book of sutras}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|རུས་པའི་རྒྱན་|bone ornament|ornament [made] of bones}}
| |
| | |
| | |
| ===Metaphorical Relation===
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|སྙིང་རྗེའི་ཆུ་|compassion water|water of compassion}}
| |
| | |
| | |
| ==Adjectives, Verbal Adjectives==
| |
| | |
| Adjectives can be used directly with nouns in two ways.
| |
| <ref>Other usages of Adjectives are as the complement of a linking verb or as [[Tibetan Grammar - Verbs#ming tsam intransitive - stative non-volitional|stative non-volitional verbs]].
| |
| See: [[Tibetan Grammar - Verbs#Linking Verb, གཏན་འཁེལ་བའི་ཚིག་ "Word of Certainty"|Linking Verb]] and [[Tibetan Grammar - Verbs#stative non-volitional - adjectives|State of Being Verbs and Adjectives]].</ref>
| |
| | |
| * They can be placed after the noun (in ''ming tsam'') without the usage of any particle. E.g.,{{gtib|རི་དཀར་པོ་}} "white mountain". See: [[Tibetan Grammar - Adjectives]]<br>
| |
| * They can be placed before the noun with the conective particle between the adjective and the noun.<br>
| |
| | |
| | |
| ===Adjectives===
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|དཀར་པོའི་ཆོས་ཐམས་ཅད་|white Dharma all|all white/virtue Dharmas}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|དོན་དམ་པའི་བདེན་པ་|ultimate truth|ultimate truth}}
| |
| | |
| | |
| ===Verbal Adjective===
| |
| | |
| :::'''Note:''' The verb that is used as a verbal adjective is always nominalized.<br>
| |
| See also: [[#connecting phrases and clauses with nouns or noun-phrases|connecting phrases and clauses with nouns or noun-phrases]]
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|གཉིད་པའི་བུ་མོ་འདི་|to sleep girl this|this sleeping girl; this girl [who] sleeps}}
| |
| | |
| | |
| ==Apposition==
| |
| | |
| ===Specific to General===
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|དུད་འགྲོ་ལ་སོགས་པའི་ངན་འགྲོ་|animals and so on bad go /lower realms|lower realms of animals and so on; lower realms [like that of] animals and so on}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|བདག་ཅག་ལ་སོགས་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད་|we and so on sentient beings all|all sentient beings [like] us and so on}}<br>
| |
| | |
| | |
| ===Apposition - Relation of Same Identity / Essence===
| |
| | |
| * Tibetan grammatical term: {{gtib|གཞི་ཆོས་ངོ་བོ་གཅིག་པའི་འབྲེལ་བ་}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|འཆི་བདག་གི་གཤིན་རྗེ་|death lord Yama|Yama, the lord of death; Yama, [who is] the lord of death}}
| |
| | |
| | |
| ==Postpositions and Postpositional Structures==
| |
| | |
| Postpositions come with the connective case before them, joining them to the word they follow.<br>
| |
| | |
| :::'''Note:'''<br>
| |
| As the great scholar and pioneer of Tibetan, Alexander Csoma de Körös wrote: "The compound postpositions require, in general, the genitive case [here: connective case] before them. But sometimes the genitive signs being dropped, they are put after the nominative [here: ming tsam], like the simple postpositions [here: case-marking particles]."<ref>Alexander Csoma de Koros, 1834, A grammar of the Tibetan Language, p. 101 §187</ref><br>
| |
| {{gsample|ཁང་པའི་ནང་ལ་|house in to, inside|into the house; inside the house}}<br>
| |
| | |
| In Alexander Csoma de Körös, the example {{gtib|ཁང་པའི་ནང་ན་}} is given. {{gtib|ཁང་པ་}} means "house" and {{gtib|ནང་}} "inside" or "home". So what this compound expresses is "at the inside of the house", where by "house" is qualifying "inside". (For example in Kham {{gtib|ནང་ལ་འགྲོ་}} is the common way to say "to go home",{{gtib|ནང་}} being the noun "inside" / "home".) This means that like in the case of {{gtib|ནང་}} some of the words treated as postpositions are just nouns with a qualifier, (and actually all postpositions originated from nouns (indicated by the connective case they come with) - and so did the case marking particles as well<ref>See: Certain Tibetan Suffixes and Their Combinations, Walter Simon, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3/4. (Jan., 1941), pp. 372-392.</ref>).<br>
| |
| Nevertheless, looking at the meaning expressed by these it seems reasonable to treat them as postpositions here.<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|དུ་བ་ཡོད་པའི་ཕྱིར་|smoke exist because|... because there is smoke}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|ཞིང་ལ་ཆུ་གཏོང་བའི་སླད་དུ་ཡུར་བ་བཟོ།|field water to send in order to canal make, construct|to construct water canals in order to irrigate the fields}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|ཁོང་གི་མདུན་ལ་|he in front of|in front of him}}
| |
| | |
| | |
| ==Multiple Connections==
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffcc; padding: 5px; border: 0px solid #ccc;" cellspacing="5" border="0"
| |
| |+
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="2" style=align: left;" |{{gtib|མིའི་ལུས་ཀྱི་རྒྱུ་}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="2" style=align: left;" |<small>human body cause </small>
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="2"|<small></small>
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="2" style=align: left;" |{{gtib|མིའི་ ལུས་}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="2" style=align: left;" |<small>human body</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="2" style=align: left;" |human, human [birth]
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="2"|<small></small>
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{gtib|མིའི་ལུས་ཀྱི་}}||{{gtib|རྒྱུ་}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |<small>human [birth]|| cause</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="2" style=align: left;" |the cause for [attaining a] human [birth]
| |
| |}
| |
| <br>
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffcc; padding: 5px; border: 0px solid #ccc;" cellspacing="5" border="0"
| |
| |+
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="4" style=align: left;" |{{gtib|བཀའ་བརྒྱུད་རིན་པོ་ཆེའི་བཞེད་སྲོལ་མ་ཉམས་པའི་ཕྱག་རྒྱ་ཆེན་པོ་}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="4" style=align: left;" |<small>Kagyu great tradition not corrupted Mahamudra</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="4"|<small></small>
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="1"|{{gtib|བཀའ་བརྒྱུད་རིན་པོ་ཆེའི་}}||colspan="3"|{{gtib|བཞེད་སྲོལ་མ་ཉམས་པ་}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="1"|<small>Kagyu great</small>||colspan="3"|<small>tradition not corrupted</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="4"|the uncorrupted tradition of the precious Kagyu<br><small></small><br>
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="2"|{{gtib|བཀའ་བརྒྱུད་རིན་པོ་ཆེའི་བཞེད་སྲོལ་མ་ཉམས་པའི་}}||{{gtib|ཕྱག་རྒྱ་ཆེན་པོ་}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="2"|<small>the uncorrupted tradition of the precious Kagyu</small>||<small>Mahamudra</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="4"|<small>Translation as apposition:</small><br>Mahamudra, the uncorrupted tradition of the precious Kagyu<br><small>Translation as qualifier:</small><br>
| |
| Mahamudra of the uncorrupted tradition of the precious Kagyu
| |
| |}
| |
| <br>
| |
| | |
| ==Connecting Phrases and Clauses with Nouns or Noun-Phrases==
| |
| | |
| *Note: Most of the upcoming examples in this section are generic.
| |
| | |
| | |
| ===The Basic Structure===
| |
| | |
| A clause qualifying or modifying the following noun or noun-phrase is a very common structure in Tibetan sentences. In essences this structure very simple, with an argument [noun] on the right and the verbal adjective (qualifier ) to the left (of the connective particle). The qualified noun itself is then commonly a part of a bigger clause.<br>
| |
| In the simple example of two nouns {{gtib|ཉི་མའི་འོད་ཟེར་}} "the light rays of the sun" the qualifier {{gtib|ཉི་མ་}} "sun" (left position) is joined to the argument (right position) {{gtib|འོད་ཟེར་}} "light rays" with the connective case.<br>
| |
| In the same way a clause can be the qualifier. If a clause is taken as qualifier the structure is the same with only difference that the qualifier is a clause with a nominalized verb.<br>
| |
| E.g., with {{GverbMBdo|ཤར་བ།|འཆར་བ།|འཆར་བ།| |to arise, rise, appearing, emerge, shine; visible, apparent|''ming tsam'' intransitive|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}}
| |
| | |
| {{gtib|ཉི་མ་འཆར་བ་}} "the sun rises" as qualifier (left position) for {{gtib|འོད་ཟེར་}} "light rays" in<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|ཉི་མ་འཆར་བའི་འོད་ཟེར་|sun arise light rays|the light rays of the rising sun}}<br>
| |
| | |
| The verb of the modifying clause is always nominalized (e.g., {{gtib|བསྟན་པ་}} , {{gtib|འགྲོ་བ་}}) and the connective particle is added. ({{gtib|པ་}} / {{gtib|བ་}} with connective particle become {{gtib|པའི་}} / {{gtib|བའི་}}, e.g., {{gtib|བསྟན་པའི་}}, {{gtib|འགྲོ་བའི་}}).<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|ཇ་བླུགས་པའི་བུ་མོ་|tea poured girl|the girl who poured the tea}}
| |
| | |
| In "the girl who poured the tea" the phrase qualifies the girl (and singles her out as '''that''' girl who poured the tea) and "the girl" is a noun that can be part of a bigger clause.<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|ཇ་བླུགས་པའི་བུ་མོ་འདི་གྲོང་ཁྱེར་ལ་ཕྱིན།|tea poured girl this city went|This girl who poured the tea went to the city.}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample| དེ་ཉིད་ དཀར་པོ་ཡིན་པའི་གནས་ཚུལ་|that itself white is situation /actual condition|the actual condition of that [conch shell] itself being white}}<br>
| |
| | |
| | |
| {{gsample|མཁྲིས་ནད་ཅན་ལ་ དུང་ སེར་པོར་ སྣང་ཚེ་ དེ་ཉིད་དཀར་པོ་ཡིན་པའི་གནས་ཚུལ་ཤེས་ཀྱང་སེར་སྣང་མི་ལྡོག་ལ།|jaundice having one conch shell yellow appear time itself white is actual condition know even yellow appear not reverse [coord.]|when for some with jaundice the conch shell appears [to be] yellow, then even though knowing the actual condition which is that [the conch shell] itself is white, [it] will not stop (reverse) the yellow appearance [of the conch shell] }}<br>
| |
| | |
| | |
| ===The Clause and the Noun===
| |
| | |
| ===="Reintegrating" the Noun====
| |
| | |
| The connection between the noun and the clause / phrase can be such that the noun could meaningfully appear in the clause as a part of the clause itself. It could be understood as a "missing" participant of the clause and so to speak be "reintegrated" in to it. The occurrence of this kind of connection is much more common with nouns that are not abstract<ref>It is not a "physical entity". An abstract object is an object which does not exist at any particular time or place, but rather exists as as an idea, or abstraction.; E.g.(generic): with the verbs of perception མཐོང་བ་ "to see": one can ཇ་མཐོང་ "see tea" and ཇ་བཟོ་བར་མཐོང་ "see the tea making" (abstract theme) but with རེག་པ་ "to touch": one can only ཇར་རེག་ "touch tea" (not abstract), but not ཇ་བཟོ་བར་རེག་ "touch the tea making" (abstract theme). While one is perceiving the act of "making tea" one sees an action in progress, but not a "thing" that is "tea-making".</ref>, but it is not guaranteed, e.g. in above {{gtib|ཉི་མ་འཆར་བའི་འོད་ཟེར་}}"the light rays of the rising sun" the "light rays" are not a "missing" participant for "rising".<br>
| |
| | |
| "reintegrating" the noun:<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|ཆོས་བསྟན་པའི་སངས་རྒྱས་|dharma taught Buddha|The Buddha who taught the dharma.}} {{gsample|སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱིས་ཆོས་བསྟན་|Buddha<ref>"Buddha" is marked with the agentive case.</ref> dharma taught|The Buddha taught the dharma.}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|ཇ་བླུགས་པའི་བུ་མོ་|tea poured girl|the girl who poured the tea}} {{gsample|བུ་མོས་ཇ་བླུགས།|girl<ref>"Girl" is marked with the agentive case.</ref> tea poured|The girl poured the tea.}}<br>
| |
| | |
| | |
| There are cases where the noun can be "reintegrated" in a grammatically correct way but the resultant clause would make a false or illogical statement. This can easily occur when the qualified noun is part of a bigger clause with a negated verb.<br>
| |
| | |
| The {{gtib|མོ་གཤམ་ལ་སྐྱེས་པའི་ཕྲུ་གུ་}} "the child" qualified by the phrase "who was born by the barren woman" is still a valid as a noun to be made statement about in the bigger clause. But "reintegrated" it would become:<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|མོ་གཤམ་ལ་ཕྲུ་གུ་སྐྱེས།|barren woman child born|[A] child was born by the barren woman.}}
| |
| This sentence is a simple statement that is strictly speaking false since by definition she can not be called a barren woman.<ref>This is not about a woman who until that point was or was thought of as a barren woman ... [story goes on]. This is a sentence to illustrate the point.</ref><br>
| |
| | |
| | |
| ====Connecting Clause to "Subject", "Object", "Qualifier"====
| |
| | |
| One way Joe Wilson<ref>Joe Bransford Wilson, 1992, Translating Buddhism from Tibetan, p.649-651</ref> uses to name these connections is by looking at the function the noun ''would'' have in the clause. J. Wilson: "It is useful when analyzing clauses and sentences to name these connectives after the grammatical function the nouns that follow them would play ''were they to appear in the clause that precedes them''. Thus, verbals may be followed by different sorts of clause connectives: ..."
| |
| With that he names the connection respectively "connecting clause to 'subject'", "connecting clause to 'object'" etc.. At the same time he makes it very clear thats the qualified nouns are '''not''' the subject, object etc.: "... [they] are not the actual subjects ...; they are, rather, metaphoric subjects. The actual subject of the verb occurs before it. to its left, not after it. ... "<br>
| |
| J. Wilson lists the four of: clause connected to "subject", "object", "qualifier" and "complement". In here is added "connecting clause to 'indirect object / recipient'".<br>
| |
| Wilson's "connecting clause to 'complement'" is replaced by "connecting a clause with a linking Verb and complement to the 'theme'".<ref> The "connecting a clause with a linking Verb and complement to the 'theme'" matches in fact Wilson's example {{gtib| མི་རྟག་པ་ཡིན་པའི་ཆོས་}} "phenomena that are impermanent". It is actually not possible to connect a clause with a linking verb to what would have been the its complement, since that would create a clause of a linking verb with a completely omitted complement, something that can not occur in a meaningful way. See: [[Tibetan Grammar - verbs#A ཡིན་ with a Partially Omitted Complement|A ཡིན་ with a Partially Omitted Complement]]</ref><br>
| |
| | |
| | |
| connecting clause to "subject"<br>
| |
| {{gsample|ཆོས་སྟོན་པའི་བླ་མ་|Dharma teach lama|the lama who teaches the Dharma}}<br>
| |
| | |
| connecting clause to "indirect object / recipient"<br>
| |
| {{gsample|སྨན་པས་སྨན་སྟེར་བའི་ནད་པ་|doctor medicine gave the ill|the ill to whom the doctor gave medicine}}<br>
| |
| | |
| connecting clause to "qualifier"<br>
| |
| {{gsample|བླ་མས་ཆོས་སྟོན་པའི་གྲོང་ཁྱེར་|lama teach Dharma city|the city in which the lama teaches the Dharma}}<br>
| |
| | |
| connecting a clause with a linking Verb and complement to the "theme"<br>
| |
| {{gsample|རྣམ་གྲངས་མ་ཡིན་པའི་དོན་དམ་|categorizations not is absolute, ultimate|the absolute that is not categorized; uncategorized absolute}}
| |
| | |
| | |
| ==Coordination==
| |
| | |
| * When the conecetive particle comes after the root of a verb it coordinates the clauses it comes in between. This expresses often a scene of "even though" the first action of the first verb takes place the action of second verb occurs. It is often translated as "even though [it is this, it is not this]", "but", "yet", "although".<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|འཁོར་བའི་རྩ་བ་མ་རིག་པ་ཡིན་མོད་ཀྱི་འཁོར་བར་ཡང་སྲིད་འཕེན་པ་པོ་སྲིད་པ་ཡིན་པས།|samsara root ignorance is indeed samsara again exist propelling force ''becoming'' is|even though the root of samsara is ignorance indeed, since the propelling force to be reborn in samsara is ''becoming'' ...}}<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample|འདོད་ཚུལ་མི་འདྲ་བ་ཡོད་མོད་ཀྱི་འདིར་བཀོད་པ་ནི་|view point different exist of course here arrangement|there are of course different view points [on this], yet the way it is arranged here [by including ...]}}<br>
| |
| | |
| | |
| * With this kind of coordination of "it is not this not but it is that" (and reverse) the second clause can also be in accordance with the first one.<br>
| |
| | |
| {{gsample5l|རྟེན་འབྲེལ་ལ་མཁས་པ་ནི་བཞི་པའི་གཉེན་པོར་འགྱུར་བ་ཡིན་ཏེ།|dependent [origination] learned fourth antidote becomes is|བདག་གིས་བྱེད་པ་མ་ཡིན་གྱི་རྒྱུ་རྐྱེན་རྟེན་འབྲེལ་ཙམ་གྱི་སྣང་བ་ལས་བྱུང་བའི་ཕྱིར་རོ།།|self doing not is '''but''' cause condition dependent connection just manifestation occur because|being learned about dependent [origination] is the antidote to the forth [way of grasping at the self, the grasping at the self as the creator] because [one knows that it] is not [a] doing [/creation] by the self '''but''' is [a] occurrence due to the manifestation of [nothing else than] just the dependent connection of causes and conditions}}<br>
| |